Thomas Croley

Current Research Projects:
(See also All Research Projects for Croley)

• Improving DLBRM’s Capabilities to Forecast Hydrological and Water Quality Impacts of Land Use Changes
• Great Lakes Sensitivity to Climatic Forcing (see also GLSCF site)
• Hydrologic Effects of Shifting Probability Functions for High Precipitation Events Project
• Next Generation Large Basin Runoff Models (see also DLBRM site)

Recent GLERL Publications:
(See also All GLERL Publications for Croley)

• CROLEY, T.E. II. The once-Great Lakes. Proceedings, Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region, Starting a Public Discussion, Green Bay, WI, March 2007. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, pp. 65-69 (2008). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2008/20080009.pdf
• CROLEY, T.E. II., and C. He. Spatially distributed watershed model of water and materials runoff. In Wetland and Water Resource Modeling and Assessment: A Watershed Perspective. W. Ji (Ed.). Part II, Water Quality and Biogeochemical Processes, Chapter 9. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 99-112 (2008).
• CROLEY, T.E. II., and C.F.M. Lewis. Warmer and drier climates that make Lake Huron into a terminal lake. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 11(2):153-160 (2008).
• CROLEY, T.E. II., D.F. Raikow, C. He, and J.F. Atkinson. Hydrological resource sheds. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 13(9):873-885 (2008).
• He, C., and T.E. CROLEY II. Estimating nonpoint source pollution loadings in the Great Lakes watershed. In Wetland and Water Resource Modeling and Assessment: A Watershed Perspective. W. Ji (Ed.). Part III, Water Quality and Biogeochemical Processes, Chapter 10. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 115-127 (2008).
• He, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and Q. Feng. Modeling water movement between the glacial, agricultural oasis and desert in the Heihe Watershed, Northwest China. Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Geographic Information Systems, Istanbul, Turkey, July 2-5, 2008. 147-153 pp. (2008). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2008/20080036.pdf
• He, C., C. DeMARCHI, and T.E. CROLEY II. Modeling spatial distributions of nonpoint source pollution loadings in the Great Lakes watersheds by using the distributed large basin runoff model. Proceedings, AWRA 2008 Spring Specialty Conference, San Matteo, CA, March 17-19, 2008. 7 pp. (2008). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2008/20080037.pdf
• HÖÖK, T.O., E.S. Rutherford, T.E. CROLEY II, D.M. MASON, and C.P. Madenjian. Annual variation in habitat-specific recruitment success: Implications from an individual-based model of Lake Michigan alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65:1402-1412 (2008). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2008/20080021.pdf
• Schertzer, W.M., R.A. ASSEL, D. BELETSKY, T.E. CROLEY II, B.M. LOFGREN, J.H. SAYLOR, and D.J. SCHWAB. Lake Huron climatology, inter-lake exchange and mean circulation. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 11(2):144-152 (2008).
• CROLEY, T.E. II., J.F. Atkinson, and D.F. RAIKOW. Hydrologic - Hydraulic - Ecologic resource sheds. Proceedings of the Second IASTED International Conference, Water Resources Management, Honolulu, HI, August 20-22, 2007. pp. 164-169 (2007). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2007/20070035.pdf
• CROLEY, T.E. II., C. He, J.F. Atkinson, and D.F. RAIKOW. Resource shed definitions and computations. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-141. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 35 pp. (2007). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-141/tm-141.pdf
• He, C., and T.E. CROLEY II. Application of a distributed large basin runoff model in the Great Lakes basin. Control Engineering Practice 15:1001-1011 (2007).
• CROLEY, T.E. II, and C.F.M. Lewis. Warmer and drier climates that make terminal Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32:852-869 (2006). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2006/20060043.pdf
• Cowden, J. R., D. Watkins, and T. E. CROLEY II. Investigating urban land use effects on runoff by using the distributed large basin runoff model. Proceedings, The World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006: Examining the Confluence of Environmental and Water Concerns, Omaha, Nebraska, May 21-25, 2006. Environmental Water Resources Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, 9 pp. (2006). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2006/20060024.pdf
• CROLEY, T. E., II. Modified Great Lakes hydrology modeling system for considering simple extreme climates. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-137. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 27 pp. (2006). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-137/tm-137.pdf
• CROLEY, T. E. II. Using climatic predictions in Great Lakes hydrologic forecasts. In ASCE Task Committee Report on Climatic Variations, Climate Change, and Water Resources Engineering. J. Garbrecht and T. Piechota (Eds.). American Society of Civil Engineers, Arlington, VA, 164-185 (2006). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2006/20060013.pdf
• HAWLEY, N., T. H. JOHENGEN, Y. R. Rao, S. A. RUBERG, D. BELETSKY, S. A. LUDSIN, B. J. EADIE, D. J. SCHWAB, T. E. CROLEY II, and S. B. BRANDT. Lake Erie hypoxia prompts Canada-U.S. study. EOS Transactions 86(32):313-319 (2006). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2006/20060021.pdf
• He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially modeling nonpoint source pollution loadings in the Saginaw Bay watersheds with the DLBRM. Geographic Information Systems and Water Resources IV, AWRA Spring Specialty Conference, Houston, TX, May 8-10, 2006. American Water Resources Association, 8 pp. (2006). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2006/20060023.pdf
• Bunnell, D. B., C. P. Madenjian, and T. E. CROLEY II. Long-term trends of bloater (Coregonus hoyi) recruitment in Lake Michigan: evidence for the effect of sex ratio. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63:832-844 (2006). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2006/20060005.pdf
• CROLEY, T. E. II, and C. He. Watershed surface and subsurface spatial intraflows model. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 11(1):12-20 (2006).
• CROLEY, T. E. II, C. He, and D. H. LEE. Distributed-parameter large basin runoff model. II: Application. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 10(3):182-191 (2005).
• CROLEY, T. E. II, and C. He. Distributed-parameter large basin runoff model. I: Model Development. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 10(3):173-181 (2005).
• CROLEY, T. E. II. Recent Great Lakes evaporation model estimates. Proceedings of the 2005 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Impacts of Global Change, Anchorage, AK, May 15-19, 2005. American Society of Civil Engineers, 12 pp. (2005). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2005/20050015.pdf
• CROLEY, T. E. II., and C. He. Great Lakes spatially distributed watershed model of water and materials runoff. Proceedings, International Conference on Poyang Lake Wetland Ecological Environment. Advanced Workshop on Watershed Modeling and Water Resources Management, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China, June 27, 2005. 12 pp. (2005). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2005/20050017.pdf
• He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Estimating nonpoint source pollution loadings in the Great Lakes watersheds. Proceedings of the International Conference on Poyang Lake Wetland Ecological Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China, June 27, 2005. 12 pp. (2005). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2005/20050016.pdf
• SCHWAB, D. J., T. E. I. CROLEY, and W. M. Schertzer. Physical, limnological, and hydrological characteristics of Lake Michigan. In State of Lake Michigan (SOLM) - Ecology, Health, and Management. T. Edsall and M. Munawar (eds.). Ecovision World Monograph Series, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management Society, 3-52 (2005).
• Madenjian, C. P., T. O. Hook, E. S. Rutherford, D. M. MASON, T. E. CROLEY II, E. B. Szalai, and J. R. Bence. Recruitment variability of alewives in Lake Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134:218-230 (2005). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2005/20050002.pdf

Recent Presentations:
* denotes speaker

• CROLEY, T.E. II. Great Lakes hydrologic modeling. NWS Chief Scientist (Pedro Restrepo) GLERL visit, Ann Arbor, MI, March 6, 2008 (2008).
• CROLEY, T.E. II., C. *DeMARCHI, C. He, and T.S. HUNTER. Performances of the Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model for different watersheds in the Great Lakes basin. 51st Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, May 19-23,2008 (2008).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II., and T. HUNTER. Great Lakes climate change thermodynamic impacts assessment, IJC Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Regulation Study. Great Lakes Resonses to Climate Change, UWM Conference on Climate Change and Sustainable Development, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, April 25, 2008 (2008).
• CROLEY, T.E. II, and T.S. HUNTER. Great Lakes climate change hydrologic impact assessment, IJC Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Regulation Study. Forum on Potential Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Water Quantity and Quality in the Great Lakes Region, James B. Henry Center for Executive Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, April 28, 2008 (2008).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II, and T.S. HUNTER. Great Lakes climate change hydrologic impmact assessment, IJC Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Regulation Study. Anchor Watch Seminar Series, Great Lakes Water Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, April 24, 2008 (2008).
• *DeMARCHI, C., T.E. CROLEY II, C. He, and T.S. HUNTER. Potential impacts of climate changte on pathogen and pesticide contamination of coastal water. Impact of Climate Change on the Great Lakes Ecosystem - A NOAA Science Needs Assessment Workshop to Meet Emerging Challenges, Ann Arbor, MI, July 29-31, 2008 (2008).
• *DeMARCHI, C., T.E. CROLEY II, C. He, and T.S. HUNTER. Performances of the Distributed Large BAsin Runoff Model for ECOFORE. ECOFORE Principal Investigator Workshop, Ann Arbor, MI, July 17, 2008 (2008).
• *DeMARCHI, C., T.H. JOHENGEN, T.E. CROLEY II, and C. He. Characterizing the relation between Saginaw Bay and its watershed. Multiple Stressors in Saginaw Bay: Navigating the Issues Workshop, Bay City, MI, April 2, 2008 (2008).
• *He, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and C. DeMARCHI. Modeling spatial distribution of nonpoint source pollution in the Great Lakes watersheds. The Association of American Geographer's Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, April 15-20, 2008 (2008).
• *He, C., C. DeMARCHI, T.E. CROLEY II, and T.S. HUNTER. Climate change and non-point source pollution in the Great Lakes basin: Opportunities and challenges. Impact of Climate Change on the Great Lakes Ecosystem - A NOAA Science Needs Assessment Workshop to Meet Emerging Challenges, Ann Arbor, MI, July 29-31, 2008 (2008).
• *HUNTER, T.S., C. He, T.E. CROLEY II, and C. DeMARCHI. Forecasting Grand River (Michigan) discharge and pollution loads. 51st Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, May 19-23, 2008 (2008).
• JOHENGEN, T.H., C. *DeMARCHI, T.E. CROLEY II, and C. He. Sediment and nutrient load simulation for the Saginaw Bay AIF. 51st Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, May 19-23, 2008 (2008).
• *SELLINGER, C.E., and T.E. CROLEY II. GLERL's hydrology program. NOAA-USGS Committee on Hydrology Meeting, Silver Spring, MD, January 16, 2008 (2008).
• *BRANDT, S.B., D.J. SCHWAB, and T.E. CROLEY II. Nearshore water quality: linkages between watersheds and offshore processes. International Joint Commission on Nearshore Processes, Dearborn, MI, Novembner 19-20, 2007 (2007).
• CROLEY, T.E. II. GLERL's hydrology program. GLERL-NECP-NWS-NOS Meeting, Ann Arbor, MI, November 28, 2007 (2007).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II, and T.S. HUNTER. Great Lakes hydrology modeling with the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System. Michigan Technological Institute, Houghton, MI, October 8, 2007 (2007).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II, T.S. HUNTER, C. He, and C. DeMARCHI. Distributed hydrologic modeling for Great Lakes beach closing forecasts. NOAA's Oceans and Human Health Initiative All PI Annual Meeting, Holiday Inn, Muskegon, MI, October 22-24, 2007 (2007).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II, T.S. HUNTER, C. He, and C. DeMARCHI. Spatially distributed surface-subsurface watershed hydrology model of water and mateials runoff. OHH Principal Investigator's Meeting, Muskegon, MI, October 22-24, 2007 (2007).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II, C. STOW, S.A. LUDSIN, T.S. HUNTER, M.B. LANSING, A.H. CLITES, C. He, C. DeMARCHI, and N. BOSCH. Spatially distributed surface-subsurface watershed hydrology model of water and materials runoff. ECOFORE Workshop, Palmer Commons, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, November 19-20, 2007 (2007).
• *DeMARCHI, C., T.E. CROLEY II, C. He, and T.S. HUNTER. Short-term forecasting of discharge and pollution loads for the Grand River (Michigan). 5th Biennial State of Lake Michigan Conference, Traverse City, MI, October 3-5, 2007 (2007).
• *He, C., and T.E. CROLEY II. Integration of GIS and Distributed Large Basin Runoff Model for modeling nonpoint source loadings in the Great Lakes watersheds. International Congress on Modeling and Simulation, Session 47: Nutrient Modeling Techniques to Support Water Quality Management, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 10-13, 2007 (2007).
• *He, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and C. DeMARCHI. Estimating spatial distributio nof nonpoint source pollution loadings by using the DLBRM. NOAA's Ocean and Human Health Initiative All PI Annual Meeting, Holiday Inn, Muskegon, MI, Oceober 22-24, 2007 (2007).
• CROLEY, T.E. II. Hydrological resource sheds.Quantifying ecological subsidy and resource sheds. Water Rocks! ASLO Aquatic Science Meeting, Santa Fe, NM, February 4-9, 2007. (2007).
• CROLEY, T.E. II. Great Lakes climate change hydrologic impact assessment, IJC Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence river regulation study. Fox-Wolf Watershed Alliance Storm Water Conference 2007 and Unviersity of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute (Wisconsin Coastal Management Program), Green Bay, WI, March 13, 2007. (2007).
• CROLEY, T.E. II. Great Lakes climate changae thermodynamic impacts assessment. 50th Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Penn State Unviversity, University Park, PA, May 28-31, 2007. (2007).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II., J.F. Atkinson, and D.F. Raikow. Hydrologic-hydraulic-ecologic resource sheds. Water Resources Management 2007 Conference, Honolulu, HI, August 22, 2007. (2007).
• *CROLEY, T.E. II., and M. K. LEWIS. Warmer and drier climates that make Lake Huron into a terminal lake. Physical Limnology, Hydrology, and Climate, Second International Symposium on the Lake Huron Ecosystem: The State of Lake Huron, Ecosystem Change, Habitat, Contaminants, and Management, Honey Habour, Ontario, Canada, October 11-13, 2006. (2007).
• *DeMARCHI, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and C. He. Improving the sensitivity of the distributed large basin runoff model to land use changes. 50th Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Penn State University, University Park, PA, May 28-31, 2007. (2007).
• *He, C., and T.E. CROLEY II. Modeling distribution of nonpoint source pollution loadings int he Maumee River watershed. Association of American Geographers, East Lakes Division Meeting, Toledo, OH, October 20-21, 2006. (2007).
• *He, C., and T.E. CROLEY II. Understanding the hydrologic processes of the Heihi watershed: challenges and opportunities. The Annual Project Meeting of "Basic Reserach of Water Problems in Dry Inland Watersheds", Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China, January 3, 2007. (2007).
• *He, C., and T.E. CROLEY II. Understanding water movement among glacial, oasis, and desert in the inland Black River watershed, Northwestern China. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, AAG Featured Session, San Francisco, CA, April 17-21, 2007. (2007).
• *He, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and C. DE MARCHI. Modeling nonpoint source pollution loading in the Great Lakes basin of the United States. The Institute of Geography and Limnology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China, August 1, 2007. (2007).
• *He, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and C. DeMARCHI. Modeling spatial distributions of nonpoint source pollution loadings by using the distributed large basin runoff model. 50th Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Penn State University, University Park, PA, May 28-31, 2007. (2007).
• *He, C., T.E. CROLEY II, and Q. Feng. Impacts of glacial recession on water movement between the agricultural oasis and desert in the inland Heihi Watershed, Northwestern China. The Third International Conference on Climate and Water, Finniah Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland, September 3-6, 2007. (2007).
• *LOFGREN, B.M., T.E. CROLEY II, D.J. SCHWAB, and D. BELETSKY. Climate products for the Great Lakes region. Workshop on Climate Science and Services, NOAA Coastal Services Center, Charleston, SC, April 11, 2007. (2007).
• *Schertzer, W., R.A. ASSEL, D. BELETSKY, T.E. CROLEY II, B.M. LOFGREN, J. SAYLOR, and D.J. SCHWAB. Overview of physical limnology, hydrology, and climate characteristics of Lake Huron. Physical Limnology, Hydrology, and Climate, Second International Symposium on the Lake Huron Ecosystem: The State of Lake Huron, Ecosystem Change, Habitat, Contaminants, and Management, Honey Harbour, Ontario, Canada, October 11-13, 2006. (2007).
• CROLEY, T. E. II Hydrological forecasting. NOAA Senior Research Council Meeting, GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI, September 26, 2006. (2006).
• CROLEY, T. E. II Hydrologic modeling. Workshop on Great Lakes Sensitivity of Hydrologic Response to Paleoclimatic Change, GLERL, Ann Arbor, MI, March 10-11, 2006. (2006).
• CROLEY, T. E. II Watershed hydrology 'resource sheds'. Resource Shed Workshop, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, January 25-26, 2006. (2006).
• *CROLEY, T. E. II, and C. He. Spatially distributed surface-subsurface watershed hydrology model of water and materials runoff. 49th Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 22-26, 2006. (2006).
• *CROLEY, T. E. II, and C. He. Spatially distributed surface-subsurface watershed hydrology model of water and materials runoff. NOAA/Unviersity of Michigan Great Lakes and Human Health Seminar Series, Ann Arbor, MI, February 2, 2006. (2006).
• *CROLEY, T. E. II, and C. He. Spatially distributed surface-subsurface watershed hydrology model of water and materials runoff. Principal Investigator's Meeting, NOAA's Oceans and Human Health Initiative Workshop, Charleston, SC, January 18-20, 2006. (2006).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially distributed watershed modeling of water and materials transport. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Conservancy, Chengu, Sichuan, P.R. China, August 22, 2006. (2006).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Modeling dynamics of nonpoint source pollution loadings in the U.S. Great Lakes watersheds. Seminar, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China, August 12, 2006. (2006).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Modeling dynamics of nonpoint source pollution loadings in the Saginaw Bay watersheds by DLBRM. 2006 Annual Meeting of the Hydrologic Modeling of Watershed Land Use/Cover Change, Chicago, IL, March 7-11, 2006. Association of American Geographers, (2006).
• *Lewis, C. F., M. King, and T. E. CROLEY II. A phase of terminal paleo-Laurentian Great Lakes: An opportunity to evaluate their hydrological response to high amplitude climate change. 10th International Paleolimnology Symposium on Past Ecosystem Processes and Human-Environment Interactions, Duluth, MN, June 25-29, 2006. (2006).
• *LOFGREN, B. M., and T. E. CROLEY II. Climate and hydrologic research at the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL). National Weather Service Sub-Regional Climate Services Meeting, West Lafayette, IN, July 18-19, 2006. (2006).
• *Mortsch, L., T. E. CROLEY II, and D. Fay. Impact of climate change on hydroelectric generation in the Great Lakes. Water, Hydropower, and Climate Change Workshop, Canadian Climate Impacts and Adaptation Research network, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada, March 2-3, 2006. (2006).
• *RAIKOW, D. F., J. Atkinson, and T. E. CROLEY II. Resource shed delineation in Lake Erie. 49th Annual Conference of the International Association for Great Lakes Research, Windsor, Ontario, Canada, May 23, 2006. (2006).
• *RAIKOW, D. F., J. Atkinson, and T. E. CROLEY II. Resource shed delineation in Lake Erie. Seminar. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, MI, June 21, 2006. (2006).
• *RAIKOW, D. F., J. Atkinson, and T. E. CROLEY II. Resource shed delineation in Lake Erie. Seminar. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, July 20, 2006. (2006).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially distributed watershed modeling of the water and materials transport. Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China, December 27, 2005. (2005).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially distributed watershed modeling of the water and materials transport. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China, December 23, 2005. (2005).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially distributed watershed modeling of the water and materials transport. College of Water Resources and Architecture, Northwest Science and Technology, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, P.R. China, December 19, 2005. (2005).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially distributed watershed modeling of the water and materials transport. Observatory and research of watershed Ecohydrologic Processes, The Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, P.R. China, December 15-16, 2005. (2005).
• *He, C., and T. E. CROLEY II. Spatially distributed watershed modeling of the water and materials transport in the Great Lakes basin. Fall 2005 Colloquium, Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, October 6, 2005. (2005).